The Relationship between Energy Intake, Macronutrients and Physical Activity with the Incidence of Overnutrition in Adolescents

Abstract

Background: Overnutrition among adolescents is a growing public health problem that increases the risk of various non-communicable diseases later in life. According to the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, the prevalence of overnutrition among adolescents in Indonesia was 12.1%. In SMA N 6 Padang, the prevalence of overnutrition was reported to be 22.5% in 2023. This study aimed to determine the relationship between energy intake, macronutrient intake, and physical activity with the incidence of overnutrition among adolescents.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 56 students selected through simple random sampling. Dietary intake data were collected through interviews using a 24-hour food recall form, while physical activity data were assessed using the Physical Activity Level (PAL) questionnaire. Nutritional status was determined through anthropometric measurements using a weighing scale and microtoise. Data were analyzed using computerized statistical procedures, including univariate and bivariate analyses with the Chi-square test at a 95% confidence level.

Results: The prevalence of overnutrition among students was 41.0%. The proportions of students with excessive intake were 33.9% for energy, 28.6% for protein, 46.4% for fat, and 28.6% for carbohydrates, 55.4% of students had low physical activity levels. Bivariate analysis showed significant associations between energy intake, macronutrient intake (protein, fat, and carbohydrates), and physical activity with the incidence of overnutrition among adolescents (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion: Energy intake, macronutrient intake, and physical activity were significantly associated with overnutrition among adolescents. Therefore, interventions promoting balanced dietary intake and adequate physical activity are needed to prevent overnutrition in this population.